There are around 20 different approved cuts and in addition some 30 different combinations of cuts, and all those cuts and combinations have their own name. State economic support for reindeer husbandry in Sweden consists primarily of price support for reindeer meat. Private land owners argue that the land in question has not been used for a sufficiently long period of time and Sami reindeer herding villages are not therefore able to claim the right to reindeer grazing on the lands in question. In Sweden, the burden of proof is on the Sámi, while in Norway is the opposite: landowners must prove that Sámi usage does not exist. • people who need to cross the border to engage in reindeer husbandry • seafarers • people covered by Chapter 2, Section 10 of the Aliens Act (2005:716), including diplomats and consular officers who are employed in Sweden by foreign states and their families and employees In a government investigation into the impacts of climate change in Sweden from 2007, a reindeer researcher, Öje Danell, predicted that land would be bare for longer and that plant productivity would increase by 20-40 percent. In Sweden the reindeer numbers where 253 000 year 1995, 221 000 year 2000 and 220 000 year 2007. The first reindeer herding law in Sweden, passed in 1886, is aptly known as the Reindeer Herding Act. The aim with the Codicil was to secure the future reindeer herding for the Sámi people affected by the border. Today’s reindeer herding requires large areas, reindeer are often frightened and are forced to flee from natural pastures. In all these cases, landowners have sued Sami reindeer herding villages for allowing winter grazing on private lands. An EIA is usually done by a consultant to the developer. The state has the responsibility for how reindeer herding can be conducted. Carcasses which have a caesium level over 1 500 becquerels are discarded. Evidence: 1. The last convention was negotiated 1972 and was in force until 2005. The Board will also decide on the maximum number of reindeer for the Sami villages. Here is one way to describe the earmark on the image in Sámi: ealljis guobir. The problem with the old system was that all killed reindeer where not found and that reindeer owners could lose compensations they were entitled to. Like the Norwegian case, the Act secures reindeer herding as a exclusive right for the Saami people of Sweden, and is of profound importance. Before an earmark is implemented, it shall be approved by the earmark committee consisting of 3-5 members. In Finland both indigenous Saami and non-Saami Finns can practice reindeer husbandry. Sámi reindeer herding villages have repeatedly pointed out that environmental impact assessments do not provide sufficient depth and do not take into account the socio-economic and cultural impact of proposed developments, nor do they take account of the Sámi reindeer herding villages traditional land use patterns and the importance of the Sámi cultural landscape. Conditions include the need to feed reindeer for at least 60 days and that the state has conducted surveys in the Sámi village’s area. Sweden and Norway are negotiating on a new convention. The report also demonstrates that temperatures in the Arctic are rising faster than elsewhere in the world. According SEPA (Swedish Environmental Protection Agencies), there are at least 200 wolves and 490 wolverines in Sweden. Ma?il guokte biehki, bihkiid gaskkas sárggaldat. The Swedish Sami Parliament is the central administrative authority in reindeer husbandry issues and the government’s expert authority. Today, only a few percent are discarded and there is no risk anymore from eating reindeer meat because the cesium levels has decreased sharply. A further eight villages are establishing plans and another 19 villages have declared an interest in doing so. In Sweden, the environmental law 1998:808 is the primary piece of legislation which regulates permits for environmentally hazardous activities. The municipality failed to hear Jovnevaerie Sámi reindeer herding village in relation to a case concerning building permits which affected the Sámi village reindeer pastures. Reindeer-herding is regulated in the Reindeer Husbandry Act, where Sámi rights have been collectively referred to as reindeer husbandry rights. The goal of Sweden’s predator policy is that there should be a certain number of predators in the Sweden and in recent times, the number of predators in the country has generally increased. Industrial forestry activities within reindeer herding areas often affect large areas of reindeer pastures, so reindeer herders have a strong interest in how forestry is conducted. Additional sources of income include financial subsidies and compensation. In 98 AD, the Roman historian Tacitus wrote about a strange people in Thule, who used fur clothes, hunted reindeer and travelled with skis. Contemporary reindeer husbandry in Sweden, is regulated by the Swedish reindeer husbandry act, Rennäringslagen 1971: 437. In that case the person needs a registred reindeer earmark and a permission to be a reindeer owner (skötesrenar in Swedish and geahccobohccut in Sámi) within a village. In other words, reindeer husbandry in Sweden should be conducted in a way so it gives a reasonable number of entrepreneurs a good living. Research by the Sámi Instituhtta in 2006, show that reindeer herders incomes varies depending on which region they herd reindeer. Archaeological sources such as hunting pits, stone carvings and settlement excavations speak to this connection. Under Swedish law the operator is not required to perform a SIA, but an operator who agrees to undertake a SIA should commission and fund it. The state replaces reindeer owners for losses caused by the accident. But the threats to … The Forest Board has the responsibility to support the work of the reindeer husbandry plans and the practical work is done by the current Sámi reindeer herding villages and the Sámi Parliament. In 2007, the ombudsman against ethnic discrimination (Diskrimineringsombudsmannen -DO) sued Krokoms municipality in the county of Jämtland for ethnic discrimination. According to Forestry Law, a Sámi reindeer herding village shall be given an opportunity for consultation on various types of forest activities. The difference between a mountain Sámi reindeer herding village and a forest Sámi reindeer herding village is that reindeer herding in the forest villages is more static and is conducted in forested areas while mountain reindeer herding is characterised by long migratory routes between summer and winter pastures. In the area above the border the Sami should be able to have their reindeer all year without disruption. One company can include one or more reindeer owners and family members and in a Sami village are some or many reindeer husbandry companies. An ordinary member is a Sámi who takes part in reindeer herding within the villages area, a Sámi who has been involved within the villages reindeer herding and has not left reindeer herding for other work or a wife/husband or a child who lives at home to a person listed above. Of those are 33 mountain and 10 forest Sámi reindeer herding villages, in this text also called Sámi villages, and 8 concession Sámi reindeer herding villages, here referred to as the ‘concession villages’. In 2007 the Sami Parliament paid out a total of 43 950 489 SEK (4.15 M €) to the Sami reindeer herding villages for predation compensation. But no one can yet know with certainty when, how and how much reindeer herding will be affected as a result of increased climate change. The Board has the mandate to conduct the village’s work. Sámi reindeer herding in present Sweden, Norway and Finland has historically been and is in many ways still affected by the creation of national borders. In addition, 0,5 SEK (0,047 €) per kilo is paid in the form of marketing support. From this sum, funds are allocated to price subsidies, risk reduction measures, the costs of mediation between landowners and the Sámi villages, and the costs associated with the Chernobyl accident among other elements. Reindeer herders for example have been stating from a legal point of view that they should be given fairer conditions to remove problem predators. 1) on all land regardless of ownership. Reindeer herding is when reindeer are herded by people in a limited area. Ovddal biehki nala sárggáldat. The law designates the lands that the Sami have rights to, as well as provides specific land and water rights. Annually, the government decides the amount of funding for the promotion of reindeer husbandry and this sum varies from year to year. Reindeer were used as draught animals and beasts of burden, they gave meat and milk and the materials for clothing and tools. The County Administrative Board determines the boundaries of the concession villages. The rich culture with food, handicrafts and reindeer provides good opportunities for tourism. There are around 20 different approved cuts and in addition some 30 different combinations of cuts, and all those cuts and combinations have their own name. The Act gives those Sámi who engage in traditional reindeer grazing the right to use land and water for their own maintenance and that of … Reindeer meat is rich in minerals and very lean. Reindeer husbandry today in Sweden is a small industry on a national scale, but both in a Sámi and local context, it has great importance. Supervision of the Forestry Act is an important part of upholding the legislation. It is not unusual that when the total number of reindeers decreases, the total value of meat production also shows a falling trend. Its significance remains for reindeer herders because it contains important knowledge about how for instance land should be used during times of extreme weather fluctuation, for example. A Sámi reindeer herding village has a board voted in by a majority in the village during their annual meetings. A Sámi village has both reindeer herding members and ordinary members. The Swedish Reindeer Husbandry Act (1971:437) defines 55% of Sweden's total land area as reindeer husbandry area. Suovas is a protected word which refers to smoked reindeer meat. Year 2007 where some issues concerning reindeer husbandry moved from the Board to the Sámi Parliament. Only native Sami are entitled to practice reindeer husbandry in Sweden, meaning they may have ... Forestry Act (Swedish Forest Agency 2001). However archaeological research is consistently pushing the date of domestication of reindeer and the development of reindeer herding further back in time. Inventory counts on predators are performed by the County Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen) with the assistance of the Sámi reindeer herding villages, and this forms the basis for compensation. This is the first written source of domesticated reindeer herding and is often referred to. The industry is estimated to make about USD 43 million per year. A reindeer owner in a concession village is not allowed to own more than 30 reindeer. In the 800s the Norwegian chief Ottar visited King Alfred and the English court and Ottar related to the king about the Sámi and that reindeer were domesticated and managed in herds. Membership numbers in the Sámi villages vary greatly and it is the Sámi village’s annual meeting, which decides who may join the village. The Reindeer Husbandry Act permits members of the village to hunt and fish in the area. During the years 2006/2007 cage was only 38 reindeer. The National Association of Swedish Sami issued a In 2007 the price support was 8.50 SEK (0,8 € ) per kilo for meat from mature animals and 14 SEK (1,32 €) per kilo for calves. A small herd is also maintained in Scotland. They eat mushrooms, lichen, grass and herbs. If a planned activity will affect a Sámi reindeer herding village/-s, the developer must describe the effects on reindeer herding before the deciding authority, which can be the County Administrative Board, can decide on whether to give permission to the developer. Reindeer and their pastures should be managed on both a rational and sustainable manner, while at the same time reindeer herders need revenue to survive. Lands used for reindeer herding are divided into year-round-lands and winter pastures. On the local level the Sámi village’s internal affairs, is managed within the framework of the reindeer husbandry Act, dealing with issues such as the Sámi village’s economy and the Sámi reindeer herding village’s joint work. SSR and the Sámi reindeer herding villages therefore urge developers with the help of SIA’s to analyse the cultural and social effects for concerned Sámi villages of planned activities. In 1993/1994 11 669 reindeer were forcibly discarded. Introduction Reindeer husbandry in Sweden is an exclusive right for the Sami, northern Scandinavia's indigenous people. The Siida is an ancient Sámi community system within a designated area but it can also be defined as a working partnership where the members had individual rights to resources but helped each other with the management of the herds, or when hunting and fishing. In Sweden there are several long and ongoing court cases related to reindeer grazing activities. However, according to the reindeer husbandry Act the actual reindeer herding in a concession village must be conducted by a Sámi. This means that they are not heard, nor do they have the opportunity as injured parties to appeal any permit if necessary. Most reindeer herding families also have incomes from salaried work. All reindeer in the Sámi reindeer husbandry area shall be marked with the owner's registered earmark by 31 October the same year as it is born. The reindeer herding area covers nearly 40 percent of Sweden’s surface. Writings after that time tell that the Sami are using domesticated reindeer for transport and milking. With respect to reindeer herding in Trollheimen and surrounding areas, the rules laid down in Act 21 December 1984 no. For 2009 a total of 55 718 000 SEK (5.2 M €) has been proposed for the development of reindeer husbandry. husbandry. The states agreed that regardless of state borders, the reindeer herding Sámi should be able to continue to migrate with their reindeer to the other kingdom in the same way as they had done before the border demarcation. Concession villages exist only in the Torne Valley (the area on the Swedish on the river between Sweden and Finland). However, reindeer husbandry would not be possible without the maintenance of traditional knowledge which dates back millennia and is transferred from generation to generation. In the 16th 17th and 18th centuries, Sweden had imperial ambitions and this increased the tax burden on Sámi reindeer herding, which would appear to have stimulated a shift in reindeer herding practices. 1.. IntroductionReindeer husbandry in Sweden is an exclusive right for the Sami, northern Scandinavia’s indigenous people. In Sweden it is possible to own reindeer without being member of a Sámi reindeer herding village. Sweden and Norway are negotiating on a new convention. A great deal of interest has been expressed from all parties in the progress of these negotiations, with a view to extending these types of consultations to other fields such as mining, wind power development and recreational facilities such as snowmobiling. In addition to the Forestry Act the Swedish Forest Agency is also the authority responsible the enforcement for parts of the Environmental Act. In 1996 there was a nuclear accident at Chernobyl wich widely and adversely affected reindeer herding in Sweden, especially reindeer herding in Västerbotten and Jämtland counties. mi reindeer husbandry area shall be marked with the owner's registered earmark by 31 October the same year as it is born. SSR and the Sámi Parliament have been associated with the last state predator investigation, Rovdjuren och deras förvaltning SOU 2007:89, concluding that predators are perceived as being one of the greatest threats to reindeer herding and that the Sámi reindeer herding villages want to have a much greater ability to influence predator compensation and practices. Both reindeer herding and reindeer husbandry are terms often used in Sweden, where reindeer herding is the work with reindeer and reindeer husbandry encompasses reindeer herding, hunting and fishing because they all are important industries of reindeer husbandry. [140] In some human groups as the Eveny, wild reindeers and domesticated reindeers are … to Swedish reindeer grazing in Norway and Norwegian reindeer grazing in Sweden. In light of this situation, the Forest Board together with six Sámi reindeer herding villages has established Reindeer husbandry plans. The migrations have since 1919 been regulated between Norway and Sweden in different so called reindeer grazing conventions (renbeteskonventioner) which are based on the Codicil. All reindeer herding activity in Sweden is reg-ulated by the “Swedish Reindeer Herding Act”. Before an earmark is implemented, it shall be approved by the earmark committee consisting of 3-5 members. RIEVDAN - Knowledge: the Heart of Herding, 1st Arctic Indigenous Peoples’ Food Congress, (Diedut, Analyse av den samiske reindriftens økonomiske tilpasning, Sámi Instituhtta, 2006), (Regeringens regleringsbrev för budgetåret 2008 avseende Sametinget), achieve balance between different interests, increase the understanding and tolerance of reindeer husbandry and predators, (Rovdjuren och deras förvaltning SOU 2007:89). The management of reindeer husbandry is divided into 3 main levels; the national, the regional and the local level. Forest companies have been known to not carry out forest operations in the manner agreed by the parties during consultations. In the year-round-lands reindeer herding, as the name relates, may be conducted year-round and in winter pastures only between October 1st and April 30th. «In addition,» Ravna highlights, «the Lapp Codicil, [which] can be considered as a constitution of cross-border reindeer husbandry, enters into force when Norway and Sweden fail to agree on a new reindeer grazing convention.» The difference between a mountain Sámi reindeer herding village and a forest Sámi reindeer herding village is that reindeer herding in the forest villages is more static and is conducted in forested areas while mountain reindeer herding is characterised by long migratory routes between summer and winter pastures. 101 relating to reindeer husbandry in the municipalities of Meldal, Midtre Gauldal, Oppdal, Rennebu, Rindal, Sunndal and Surnadal apply. In the mountain areas an intensive reindeer herding took shape – where reindeer where monitored daily. In these areas, the Sami have exclusive rights to graze their reindeer (Fig. The government’s 2008 target for the number of wolverine has, according to estimates, been achieved. “I wonder if U.S. customs will let me bring one back?” This was the question that kept running through my mind as I stared with awe and googly eyes at the reindeer and their calves all morning. A reindeer earmark is a combination of one to many cuts in a reindeer’s ears which all together tells who the reindeer owner is. The developer must in connection with their application for a permit nearly always have to implement an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The same year that the accident occurred, about 27 000 reindeer were destroyed, which represented 78% of the number of slaughtered reindeer the preceding year. In Norway and Sweden, Reindeer ownership is restricted to Sámi people. Reindeer herding is regulated by the Swedish Reindeer Husbandry Act. Sámi reindeer herding village rights and duties are statutoried; inter alia, in the reindeer husbandry act. Climate Change also may result in increased development in the Arctic, which likely will bring negative affects on the reindeer pastures. According to this Act, the right to pursue These are immemorial rights, which mean that the Sámi have, over a long period used the land without anyone impeding them. This chapter will focus on the reindeer husbandry in Norway. Today such tools are major feature of modern reindeer herding. These changes will involve, inter alia, shorter and warmer winters, and new varieties of wildlife in the Arctic. The Reindeer Husbandry Law of 1971 established this system in order to promote the continuation of reindeer husbandry. The Sami village, a legal body which must satisfy its members' common interests, conducts reindeer husbandry, among other things, in a large area above the cultivation limit in Norrbotten County in the most northern part of Sweden. Annual Meeting decisions concerning membership can be appealed to the Sámi Parliament. Ovddal biehki nala sárggáldat. From early times, reindeer have been privately owned. In the late 19th century, Nordic countries, including Sweden, confiscated Sami territory under the Taxed Lapp Land system. Olgeš belljis liekci. The economic situation among reindeer herders in Sweden varies greatly, and today’s reindeer herders have to adapt to a wide variety of changes in the local, regional and national economy. The number of reindeer in Sweden fluctuates and during the 1900’s it has varied between 150000 and 300000 reindeer. Today, the income of individual reindeer herders consists of the production of meat and raw materials such as skins, bones and horns. Girjas argued that the Reindeer Husbandry Act and the principle of time immemorial gave them that right, while the state argued that as the land owner, the decision-making powers of the land belonged to them. Here is one way to describe the earmark on the image in Sámi: Gurut bealljis guobir. Predators are a major cause of losses for reindeer herders and the predators issue is currently one of the main issues that the Swedish Sámi Organisation, SSR, is working with. The Siida could consist of several families and their herds. However, there remains uncertainty about how the mountain flora will withstand warmer climates couple with the impacts that a warmer climate will have on different insect varieties and how they will affect reindeer. A reindeer has to be marked in the ears. Ma?il biehki vuolde sárggaldat. After approval the earmark shall be announced. Sámi reindeer herding villages are reimbursed for each den (föryngring) that is found and approved. According to the reindeer husbandry Act reindeer herding may be conducted on both private and state lands where reindeer herding is permitted as according to the law. In Sweden and Norway this is an exclusive right of the Saami. Danell estimates that warmer winters and all that they entail, together with today’s continues encroachments in reindeer pastures, the increasing number of predators, may have such negative affects on reindeer herding in Sweden that within the space of 50 years, it will not be conducted as it is today. However, according to the reindeer husbandry Act the actual reindeer herding in a concession village must be conducted by a Sámi. Reindeer husbandry needs large areas of grazing land that meet certain site characteristics during the seasons of the reindeer husbandry year (e.g. Contemporary reindeer husbandry in Sweden, is regulated by the Swedish reindeer husbandry act, Rennäringslagen 1971: 437. Sweden. These migrations over the border have since 1751 been regulated in different so called reindeer grazing conventions (renbeteskonventioner) between Norway and Sweden. Borders became barriers to reindeer herding which had, since time immemorial been a livelihoos that migrated between different areas. After approval the earmark shall be announced. It separates the mountain regions from the rest of the country. According to the reindeer husbandry act the Reindeer Husbandry should be economically, ecologically and culturally sustainable. Muonio Sámi reindeer herding district is on the border between Sweden and Finland. If a Sámi village that has applied for support meets all the conditions, the Sámi Parliament can grant support of up to 50 percent of the feed costs. the intention of keeping reindeer. Section 3. Olgeš belljis liekci. Reindeer herding is in terms of taxation seen as a for-profit-business and for a reindeer herder the most commonly filled tax form selected is as a private entrepreneur (enskild firma).